Machine and method of making cementitious products



A. 0. CROZIER.

MACHINE AND METHOD OF MAKING CEMENTITIOUS PRODUCTS.

APPLICATION FILED APR. 12, 1920.

1,385,864. Patented July 26, 1921.

4 SHEETSSHEET l.

A. 0. CROZIER. MACHlNE AND METHOD OF MAKING CEMENTHIOUS PRODUCTS.

APPLICATION FILED APR.12.1920. 1,385,864. Patented July 26, 1921.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 2 fj' 'q3 4 v 4;

O O O A. 0. CROZIER. v MACHINE AND METHOD OF MAKING CEMENTH'IOUSPRODUCTS.

APPLICATION FILED APR.12| I920- 1 ,3 85, 4 Patented July 26, 1921.

. 4 SHEETS-SHEET 3- A. O. CROZIER.

MACHINE AND METHOD OF MAKING CEMENTITIOUS PRODUCTS.-

APPLICATION FlLED APR. 12, 1920.

1,385,864, Patented July 26,1921.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 4.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

ALFRED OWEN CROZIER, OF NEW YORK, N. Y.

Specification of Letters Patent. 7 Patented July 26-, 1921.

' Application filed April 12, 1920. Serial No. 373,065.

T 0 all whom it may] concern.

Be it known that I, ALFRED OWEN CRO- men, a citizen of the United Statesof America, residing; at New York, in the county and State of New York,have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Machines andMethods of Making (lementitious Products, of which the following is afull, clear, and exact description.

This invention relates to the manufacture of ccmentitious articles, moreespecially concrete pipe and solid or hollow sections for luiildingposts or columns and for turning out such articles rapidly andeconomically, preferably using slush or wet concrete for the purposei Bythe term slush Or wet concrete as herein used is meant a mixture ofhydraulic cement, sand or other suitable inert material, and water inexcess of the amount required for complete hydration of thecement-itious ingredient. To this and other ends the invention consistsin the novel features of construction and combinations of elementshereinafter described.

More particularly the invention relates to the so-called column methodof making hollow concrete articles, by removing successive sections fromone end of a tubular column. For this purpose I provide an outersupporting element in the form of an upright hollow shaft or containerand inside thereof an inner supporting element in the form of an uprightcore. In the annular space thus provided between the two supportingelements the wet concrete is deposited, formin a tubular column ofcementitiousmaterial. The weight of the column thus produced helps tocomp-act and unwater its lower portion, to an extent which dependssomewhat upon the height of the column. Preferably its height is suchthat the products removed from the lowerportion will be dense enough,and sufficiently unwatered, to be self-sustaining without lateralsupport, though unset; that is, stiff enough to stand alone withoutbeing deformed by its own weight.

When solid round sections are desired the inner element or core is leftout and not used.

Below the hollow shaft or container is a pallet upon which the column ofcementitious material rests. Means is provided for effecting; a relativemovement of the pallet and one or both of the column. supportingelements whereby the column descends with out the container in positionto be severed and afterward removed from the ,machine. After theseveringof thelower end of the column to permit the withdrawal of thecomplete article, the severing means serves to retain the column withinthe container until such time as the pallet is in position to againreceive and support the column. After one article has been completed andremoved the cycle of operations is repeated, additional concrete ofvariable consistency being added from time to time to maintain thecolumn at the desired height.

In order to facilitate the descent of the column and also to improve thesurface of effecting a relative vertical movement of one or both of thesupporting elements and preferably for also effecting a rotationalmovement of one or both of said elements during certain preferredperiods in the operation of the machine.

These features are of the utmost importance and will be referred to inmore detail hereafter.

Means is also provided for changing the length of article without thenecessity of a separate machine for each size'to be produced. A

The preferred embodiment of the invention illustrated in theaccompanying drawings in which:

Figure 1 shows a side elevation of the machine with the pallet and corein lower position prior to the severing of the lower section of thecementitious column.

Fig. 2 is a detail sectional view of certain parts of the machineshowing particularly the means for supporting the core and shaft so asto permit the rotation thereof.

Fig. 3 is a view similar to Fig. 1 but with certain parts omitted. Thisview shows the lower section severed by the knives and slightly loweredto free the section from the annular ring below the knives. The core isshown in upper position.

Fig. 4 shows the pallet and table raised into proximity to the lower endof the shaft and certain of the control mechanism lIl position todisconnect the elevating mechanism from the source of power.

Fig. 5 shows the knives withdrawn and the pallet in elevated position.with the parts moving to a position to lower the pallet and table.

Fig.6 is a view similar toFig,,; but

the completed article means is provided for with the parts moved to afurther-extent so as to release the lower-table and permit it todescend.

Fig. 7 isaldetail view showlng the table and the mechanism fordepressing 1t.

Fig. 8'shows a top plan view of the machine. Fig

Fig. 10 is a detail sectional viewtaken on; -li-ne-,'l0-1O of Fig. 1.

*FigJfL is; a detail sectional vlew taken on I dine 1- "head plate andcore but which cause the Fig. 12 his a: detail view A taken on line;12,-12-.of-Fig. 1. V i I The machine comprises a base 15' to which is:bQlf/ed suitable upright" frame 7 members 316; secured .at: their upperends to a framework-.17. and;;intermediatetheir ends to an-.-intermediate framework -18. .-The framework l7 forms-asupport foranelement in the form of a; hollow shaft or containerfor -,a. column ofunset cementitious material. 3This container19 is preferably fastened toLhoppermember 20* which member carries .a wormgwheelflhhaving a suitablebearing ;-between" the wheel and framework to pernr1iit\. therotationof'the hollow shaft (see.

-plate i 2 1' 1s a head; plate 25 which is secured tog-plate 23-byembracing collars 26 which permit relative IOtELlJlOIRLlJIlOYBHlGDt ofthe COIG'tO bG-IEtlSMT;'lIlxllIllSOIl with the lifting :of headpla-te125. The collar members are provided wwith a suitable pin whichenlgiages a camslot 27, and-also are provided with spring pressedwpawls127 engaging the ratchet plate 24 (seeFigu10). The parts just describedare adaptedatoe'ffect a rota- .tionalsemovement of: thecore .uponthelifting-xofutherhead plate and .also permit the iclescent of the corewithout rotation as will readilyrbeunderstood. *Below plate 23 andfastened tosthe'core is a cross ar-nr28.

In order to effect the'rotation of. the hollow; shaft :or container I.provide a Worm 29 whichmeshes with wheel 21. 'The shaft upon whichthe"worm'wheel is mounted'is {driven by chain 30 from ,an: upper sprocket31 which is adapted: torbe driven in :unison "with-,awshaft .32-'by!.means :ofa clutch 33. :The rotational movement of tithe hollowfshaftiszeffected at a certain-time in the operation of the machine whenthe cementi- 9 is a detail sectional vview taken on line 9-9 of Fig. 1.10

- -'In .order to .tached thereto.

tiouscolumn is descending as-will hereafter be pointed out.

The rotation of the hollow shaft and the core isadapted to trowel thesurface of the column and draw neat cement and water to the surface.'Thesurface thus produced is hard, dense and smooth surface which isparticularly desired in most of the finished articles. The surface isalso more or less trowelech by sliding. the column intermittently; inits contact with the coreand shaft.

In addition to the troweling action which improves the surface; thedrawing of the .water'to the surface facilitates the descent of the"unset cementitious column from the hollow shaftwand the withdrawal ofthe core from the column. The water acts as a lubricantbetweenthe massof cementitious materialand the shaft or core andfmini- .mizes thestickingof the particlesof. cement thereto.

elevate and lower the core at suitable times in'harmony with themovements of other partsof the machine the head plate25 is providedwith: a pair of pivoted dogs spring pressed. or pawls 33 which,

:when the core is? in lower position, engage over the upper surface of across head3lwh1ch-1s guided by fixed vertical guide rods 35. These sameguide rods also guide the cross arm 28 in its up and down movement.r-Fastened to the cross head is a vertical screw 36 which atitsnpper'end is threaded in a worm wheel 37 which 1neshes-with a worm.38 (seeFigs. 2 and'8.) This-worm wheel is fast upon shaft .32and also-fast to this shaft are; gears formingelements of independent geartrains 39 and-l0. -A driving shaft 41 having a suitable belt pulley-isprovided with clutch members 412 and 43 adapted to.

beengagred withcither one or the other of the-gear-trains and moves themn unison with the driving shaft 41. Theseclutch elements are shifted bya suitable shifter shaft Ki t-which 'also operatesthe clutch 33 foreffecting the rotation oft the hollow shaft. AThe gear trains 10 and 39'have differing numbers of'gears whereby one train drives the worm38'1none rhrection'andtheother L in the opposite direction, and therebylowers orelevates screw-.36 and cross head 341 at- ;A ssuming the partsinthe position shown in with the end of the unset column projectingfromthe lower end of hollow shaft 19 as shown and with the coreelementgin" lower position.' 7 'To raise the core and effect'thesevering of the lowermost section of the cementitious column,thecoperator grasps handle f5 and depresses it "to the dotted line-"position shown in -'F.ig. 1. Handle or lever 45 through slotted linkd6idraws down the controlrrodf and shifts shifter. shaft. 4: 1 to theright engaging clutch 43. The power then rotates the various shafts,gear trains and worm gearing to elevate screw 36 and cross head 34attached thereto. Inasmuch as the dogs 33 are engaged, the head plate 25and core element :22 will be raised. Concurrently with the raising ofthe core, it is rotated by the means previously described, so as totrowel the interior surface of the tubular ceinentitious column andloosen the contact between the core and column. The core continues tomove upwardly until the dogs 33 contact against stops 49 which disengagethem from cross head 34 and permit the core element to come to rest[Concurrently with the disengagement of dogs 33 a pivoted dog 50, carriedby cross head 34, en-

gages a stop 51 on the control rod 47 lifting the rod and therebydisengages clutch 43 which brings the parts of the machine to astandstill.

The severing of the lower section is effected preferably duringtheraising of the core. Knives 52 are interconnected by a link-workincluding intermeshing gear segments 53. By the elevating of the segmentarms the knives are forced into the cementitious material between theend of the hollow shaft 19 and the top of an annular ring 54 which formsa support for the knives. Fastened to rock shaft 55, to which thesegment arm is keyed, is an arm 56 to which a rod 57 is connected byspring connection 58. Rod 57 is guided for vertical movement by suitablebrackets fastened to frame member 16 and: the upper end of the rod has aturned-over end forming a hook 59. This book 59 is adapted to engage aprojection '60 from cross-head or arm 28 during the upward movement ofthat arm, thereby elevating rod 57 and compressing a coil spring 61.This movement of rod 57 elevates the intermeshing segments and forcesthe knives through the unset concrete until they contact with the core.Thereafter the spring connection 58 yields and after the lower end ofthe core has passed the plane of the knives this spring tension at 58causes the knives to move further inward to completely sever thecementitious column and preferably around the lower end of the core. Theknives are preferably rece sed to embrace the core.

In order to remove the completed and severed article it is necessary tolower the article slightly to the position shown in Fig. 3 in order toclear the upper part of the article from the ring 54." The means forthus lowering the severed article will now be described.

The article rests upon a pallet 63 which is supported by a table 64.This table is carried by vertical rods 65. Springs 66 are interposedbetween the rods and the table to permit the table to be moved slightlyrelative to the rods. To depress the table the operator pulls a lever 67(see Fig. 7) mounted on a shaft 68 which is journaled in base 15. Tothis shaft is keyed a curved tongue or camining member 69 which isadapted to enter a slot in a rod 70 which extends downwardly from thetable 64. The engagement of these parts depresses the table against thetension of the springs 66 sufficiently to permit the article to clearthe ring 54 and be removed from the machine. To retain the table inlower position I provide a pawl and ratchet device 72 which may betripped by the foot of the operator. Thereafter the table returns tonormal position and the handle or lever 67 returns under the influenceof a coil spring 73. 7

After the removal of the completed an ticle a new pallet is' placed uponthe table 54 and it is necessary that the table and pallet be raisedinto the position shown in Fig. 4. To do this I disengage the dog 50from stop 51 by means of a small lever 75 which actuates a bell crank 76connected to a rod 77 swung at its upper end on a link 78. Pressingdownon lever 75 swings the rod to the dotted line position shown in Fig.1 and as the rod 77 passes through an aperture in the tail of dog 50,this dog is swung to clear stop 51. Thereafter the lever 45 can bedepressed a second time engaging clutch 43 and elevating screw 36 andcross head 34 attached thereto. Up to this time the ends of the crosshead have slid freely along rods 65. Additional upward movement of thecross head brings it into contact with the adjustable stop nuts 65 onthe top of rods 65. Thereafter the rods are drawn up elevating the tableand bringing the pallet into close relation with the lower edge ofannular ring 54. Even tually a stop member 80 which rests on top ofcross head 34 slides along rod 35 until it contacts with a collar 81 oncontrol rod 47 (see Fig. 4). The control rod is then lifted therebydeclutching clutch 43 and bringing the machine again to a standstill.During the movement of the control and clutch parts springs 66 permitthe upward movement of cross head 34 without imposing undue strain uponthe table.

The next steps in the operation of the machine are the restoration ofthe knives to outer position, the lowering of the core and theconcurrent lowering of the table and pallet.

Before the core can be lowered the cross head 34 must be lowered fromthe position shown in Fig. 4 to that shown'in Fig. 5. During thismovementof the cross head the table-.64 is retained in upper position"by pivoted pawls 82'which engage notches 82? in therods 65 (see Figs. 4and 5). To effect the lowering of cross head 34 the handle or lever 45is raised to dotted linepoprovided for lowering provide rods into whichpivoted sprlng tensloned sition (Fig-4) thereby, engaging the loweringclutch 42 as shown in Fig. 5 and cans ing the screw andthe attachedcross head to descend.

Thelifting of the lever 45 also through slotted'link .83 rocks a sleeve84 which is splined to rod 57 and. thereby rotates the rodso as to freethe hooked end 59 from the camming abutment 60. Rod 57 is then forceddown under the influence of the compressed coil spring 61 therebywithdrawing the knives to the outer positionas shown in Fig. 5. Asuitable torsion spring 85 restores the hook end 59"to such position asto properly reengage over. the abutment when cross arm 28 is lowered.The slot in link 83 permits the handle 45 to be depressed'withoutreleasing the knives.

Cross head 34: contacts with head plate 25;.

same so that the cementitious column slides freely out of the lower endof the shaft.

-VVhen the crosshead descends to the position shown in Fig. 6 the camshaped ends 85 ofth-ecross head contact against thecam surfaces 86 of;pawls .82 and disengage the pawls from the-,notches in rods and therebypermit the downward movement of" the same and the table 64 carriedthereby. To prevent the table descending too rapidly. I notches 87 inthe inner sides of the pawl members 88 engage so as to support the rods65 from the cross head (see Figsfi and 9). After thesepawl members areengaged the rods -65 descend in unison with the cross head and the'table .64: descends. The descending movement continues until such timeas the cross bar 28 contactswith a stop collar 89- on the control rod547to" thereby lower the control rod and disengage clutches 4:2 and. 33 andbring the parts toa standstill. The machine is now inthe position shownin :Fig. 1, It will be obvious that means must be provided fordisengaging the from the notches 87 in the pawl members 88 rods 65.Otherwlse in the next cycle of operations the table (St-would be drawninunison with-the drawing up ofthe core. In order to prevent such actionI provide cam block .90 attached to the frame members of of clutch-42;

the: machine which are adapted to contact withthe. pawl members88 andwithdraw the same from the. notches.

-It isalsotdesirable'that a means be provided forpreventing.tliezdropping of the core when in upper position. This maybeaccomplished eitherby having the knives 52 pass under and support thecore orby providing tapered and adjustable friction plugs i 91 incrosswbar 28 which plugs frictionally engagethe guide rods 35 andprevent the free descent of the core. I

The cycle of operations heretofore described is now' repeated,additional quantities of slushy concrete being added from time-to timeto hopper 20.

If it is desired to make articles of different lengthse-z'. a, shorterthan those illustrated, this may be doneby the setting of the stops oncontrol rod'46 by shortening "the distance between notches 82 and'nuts65 by adjusting thesenuts on rods 65. The brackets which support shaft68 in thebase must'be raisedanda new rod or proper length must be.provided. Also, the knifeactuating'rod 57. must'be replaced'by'anotherofproper length. R

It. is important. to' notev that: this: method does not depend wholly:upon the weight of the concrete in the column-to compact or densify andunwater the-(concrete of the lower part of the columnand'render itrelatively self-sustaining when cut-ofi in sections that are to be thedesired products. The effect of confining such slush? concrete betweenthe'core and supporting shaft or GOIlllitlllBIfEil'ld alternatelyrepeatedly rotating such shaft and core is to .work or knead ormanipulate such concrete and thus readjust the various solid particlesthereof and compact and fit them more snugly together and concurrentlyexpel from the interior ofthe concrete mass toward its surfaces theexcess portion .of the water therein. It should be noted that there isconsiderable troweling effect obtained by thesliding of the columnintermittently in contact withthe'core and contain-er. shaft even whenneither the core nor shaft is rotated.

Certain of the features ofthe presentinvention are claimed broadlyin-mycopending application Serial No. 373,06 i, filed April 12, 1920. u i

WVhile *I have particularly described the forming of hollow -articles,it is to be understood that solid columns can a-lso be formed byomitting the core element.

What I clalm as my invention is par.-

ticularly set forth in the appended claims.

. I" claim:

1..In a;.machine for makinghollow con- ,crete articles, in which such'articles are formed by removing successive sections from the lo e -p ton o an inte m t y escending unset cementitious column of tubular formmaintained between inner and outer upright ejenients, in combination, an

outer shaft element, an inner core element,

a pallet for supporting said tubular column of cementitious material,means for effecting a relative vertical movement of the pallet and oneof the elements and concurrently lowering the other element to permitthe descent of the tubular column, and means for severing the columnafter such descent 2. In a machine for. making hollow con cretearticles, in which such articles are formed by removing successivesections from the lower portion of an intermittently descending unsetcementitious column of tubular form maintained between inner and outerupright elements, in combination, an outer shaft element, an inner coreelement, a pallet for supporting said tubular column of cementitiousmaterial, means for effecting a relative vertical movement of the palletand one of the elements and concurrently lowering the other element topermit the descent of the tubular column, means for severing the columnafter such descent, and means for lowering the pallet after the severingis completed to permit the removal of the completed article.

3. In a machine for making hollow concrete articles, in which sucharticles are formed by removing successive sections from the lowerportion of an intermittently descending unset cementitious column oftubular form maintained between. inner and outer upright elements, incombination, an element,

outer shaft element, an inner core a pallet for supporting said tubularcolumn of cementitious material, means for effecting a relative verticalmovement of the pallet and one ofv the elements and concurrentlylowering the other element to permit the descent of the tubular column,means for rotating one of the said elements during the descent of thecolumn and means for severing the column after such descent.

4E. In a machine for making hollow concrete articles, in which sucharticles are formed by removing successive sections from the lowerportion of an intermittently descending unset cementitious column oftubular form maintained between inner and outer upright elements, incombination, an outer shaft element, an inner core element, a pallet forsupportingsaid tubular column of cementitious material, meansforeflecting a relative vertical. movement of the pallet and one of theelements to permit the descent of the tubular column, means for loweringone of said elements concurrently with the descent of the tubularcolumn, and means for severing the column after such descent.

5. In a machine for making hollow concrete articles, in which sucharticles are a relative vertical formed by formed by removing successivesections from.

the lower portion of an intermittently descending unset cementitiouscolumn of tubular form maintained between inner and outer uprightelements, in combination, an outer shaft element, a pallet forsupporting said tubular column of cementitious material, means foreffecting movement of the pallet and one of the elements to permit thedescent of the tubular column, means for lowering one of said elementsduring the descent of the tubular column, means for rotating saidelement, and means for severing.

the tubular column. after such descent. 6. In a machine for makinghollow concrete articles, in which such articles are an inner coreelement,

formed by removing successive sections from.

the lower portion of an intermittently descending unset cementitiouscolumn of tubular form maintained between inner and outer uprightelements, in combination, an outer shaft element, an inner core.element, a pallet for of cementitious material, means for a relative andone of the elements to permit the descent of the tubular column, meansfor loweffecting ering one of said elements during the descent of thetubular column, means for concurrently rotatlng the other supportingelesupporting said tubular column.

vertical movement of the pallet ment, means for thereafter elevating androtating the first mentioned element, and means for severing the tubularcolumn after the descent thereof. 1

7 In a mach ne for making hollow conrete articles, 1n whichsuch articlesan removing successive sections from the lower portion of anintermittently dee scending unset cementitiouscolumn of tu-. bular formmaintained between inner and outer upright elements, in combination, anouter shaft element, an inner core element,

a pallet for supporting said tubular column of cementitious material,means for effecting a relative vertical movement of the pallet and oneof the elements to permit the descent of the tubular column, means forlowering one of the elements during the descent of the column and forconcurrently rotating the other supporting element, and

means for severing the column to form the complete article.

8. In a machine for making hollow concrete arti les, in which sucharticles are formed by removing successive sections from the lower.portion of an intermittently descending unset cementitious column oftubular form maintained between inner and outer upright elements, incombination, an outer shaft element, an inner core element, a pallet forsupporting said tubular column of cementitious material, means foreffecting a relative vertical movement of the pallet and one of theelements and concurrently lower- I crete articles,

' lar iorm maintained I said relative movement of the pallet andsaidelement after the column has descended Uto a predetermined point,and means for severing the lower end of the column. 1

9."In a machine for making hollow concrete articles, in which suchvarticles are formed by removing successive sections from the lowerportion of an mtermlttently descending unset cementitiouscolumn of tubu--to restorethe pallet prlorto the succeeding between inner and outercombination; an outer lar form maintained upright elements, in

shaft element, an inner core element, a pal-' let'for supporting saidtubular column of cementitious material, means for effecting a of thepallet and one of the elements and concurrently lower ing the otherelement to permitthedescent of thetubular column, means for limiting'said relative movement of thep'alletand said relative vertical movementelement, means for severing the lower end of the column, and means foreffecting a second relative movement of the pallet and oneofsaidelements to bring the parts in position to permit the second descentofthe tubular column.

10. In a machine for making hollow con- 'in whichsuch articles areformed by removing successive sections from the lower portion'of anintermittently de-- scending unset cementitious column of tubuuprightelements, in combination, an outer,

shaft element, an inner core element, a pallet for supporting saidtubular column of cemen' titious material, means for lowering saidpallet withrespect to one of said elements to permit the descent of thetubular column, means for severing the lower section of the column andmeans for discontinuing the lowering ofthe pallet after the desiredlength of column has, descended.

"scent, and means for columnfof cementitlous material and for isupportlng the column during the restorafor making hollow con- 11. In amachine crete articles, in which such" articles are formed by removingsuccessive sections from the lower portion of an intermittentlydescending unsetcementitious column of tubular form maintained betweeninner andouter upright elements, in combination, anrouter shaft element,an 'inner for V supporting said tubular column of oementitious material,power actuated means for. lowering and elevating thepallet tocause thedescent of the tubular column and to restore the pallet prior tion ofthe pallet.

12. In a machine'for making hollow con:

the pallet and means between inner andouter- V to cause the descent coreelement, pallet to the succeeding desevering thetubular ing n testimonywhereof I hereunto affix my the lower portion of an intermittentlydescendlng unset cementitious column oi tubular form maintainedbetweeninner and outer V upright elements, in combination, anouterl coreelement, a pallet shaft element, an inner tubular column of forsupporting said cementitious material, power actuated meansfor loweringand. elevating the pallet to caus the descent of thetubular'column anddescent, means for severing the tubular.

column of cementitious material and for supportingithe column during fordisconnecting the pallet lowering Y and elevating 'mechanism from.thesource to produce an article of predetermined length.

13. In a machine for making hollow con+ outer shaft element, an innercore element, a

pallet forsupporting-said tubular column of cementitious materia l,power actuated the restoration of of power automatically bythemovementgofthe parts'of the machine" to bring the pallet to rest at so isuch point as and V means for lowering and elevating the pallet 0f thetubular column and to restore the pallet prior 1 1g descent,'means forsevering column of cementitious material and for supportingthecolumnduring the restoration of thepallet,'means':tor disconnectingthe pallet lowering and elevating mechanism from thesource of powerautomatically by the movement of theparts of the produce an article ofpredetermined length, and manually actuated means i'ornreengaging theelevating means with the source of power.

l IJ The method of making round concrete articles which consists inmaintaining a slushy mass of concrete in a supporting up right containershaft elementrt'o unwater the concrete and d after raising thesupporting element to permit the unset cementitious column to prm trudefrom the bottom and thereafterseven the protruding end of the column,

signature; i I

ALFRED owiin cnozmn r to the succeed the tubular machine to 7 bring thepalletto restat suchpoint as to compact the same intoan unset--cementitlous column of round form, there-

